Friday, January 27, 2012

40 years later: Remembering Rocco Laurie and Gregory Foster

9th Precinct police officers Gregory Foster and Rocco Laurie

On the night of January 27, 1972, rookie NYPD officers Rocco Laurie and Gregory Foster were ambushed while on patrol along Avenue B at East Eleventh Street.

Only recently joining the police force after a stint as combat marines in Vietnam, Laurie and Foster were approached from behind by a group of individuals who opened fire on the unsuspecting pair. The war veterans never had a chance to react and fell to a total of fourteen bullets.

The murderers were tied to a radical splinter cell of the Black Liberation Army, which according the Justice Department, was suspected in the murders of 13 police officers nation wide between 1970 and 1976.
 
It was the second such slaying by this group in this city -- the first being officers Joseph Piagentini and Waverly Jones, ambushed in the same fashion on the Upper West Side on May 21, 1971.

The Laurie and Foster shooting prompted one of the biggest manhunts in city history and pushed an already tense police department into a frantic state of alert.

According to My Life in the NYPD by James Wagner and Patrick Picciarelli, cops volunteered their off-days to follow patrol cars in civilian vehicles and (before stringent department regulations) many opted to carry high-powered semi-automatic weapons as backups to their police revolvers:
"The public, surprisingly, was on our side and sympathized with our plight. While most New Yorkers don't necessarily like their cops, they're not crazy about people who shoot at them..."
Twenty-three year old Rocco Laurie, a native Staten Islander, was a champion shot-putter at Port Richmond High School before enlisting in the war, where he saw heavy combat as a member of the 3rd Platoon of Echo Company, 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marines. Less than a year after returning from Vietnam, Laurie joined the police force, on July 1, 1970.

Twenty-Two year old Queens native Gregory Foster joined the police force on December 1, 1970 after serving as an M-60 machine-gunner for G Company, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, 3rd Division in the Vietnam War. Foster was awarded a Silver Star for risking his life to save his fellow marines while being pinned down by enemy fire.

Over 10,000 people turned out for the funeral ceremonies of officers Laurie and Foster, held just a few hours apart at the Church of Blessed Sacrament in Staten Island and St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan, respectively.

The shooting made national headlines and in 1975, a television movie named "Foster and Laurie" retold the story of the slain heroes, starring future Rocky Balboa sweetheart Talia Shire as widow Adelaide Laurie.

As a touching tribute, Intermediate School 72 in the New Springville section of Staten Island was renamed in honor of Rocco Laurie in 2009.

Today, on the 40th anniversary of the slayings, the New York Post published an interview with the officer's widows: Two police widows reflect on ’72 slays

UPDATE:  PS 397 of Brooklyn was also named in honor of the fallen heroes. Opened in 1975, students at the school were asked to come up with an official name for the school and in 1976, "Foster-Laurie Elementary School" was chosen. A ceremony was held in May of that year.

Wednesday, January 25, 2012

The East Fourth Street Cultural District

Did you know that Manhattan has only one official cultural district? And it might not be located where you think: Under the bright lights of Broadway? Nope. Museum Mile perhaps? Guess again. The East Fourth Street Cultural District is the only designated cultural district in the borough and one of only two in all of New York City...

Friday, January 13, 2012

The Villager profiles Lower East Side History Project

Thank you to Terence Confino and The Villager such a great article about LESHP.
He just came off a stint as a media consultant for the Warner Brothers release of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Great Gatsby,” where he worked directly with Hollywood A-listers like Leonardo DiCaprio and “Spider-Man”’s Tobey Maguire. However, that’s just one of many projects Eric Ferrara, founder and executive director of the Lower East Side History Project, is currently taking on.

Offically formed in 2003, L.E.S.H.P. is a nonprofit organization dedicated to researching, documenting and preserving the history of the Lower East Side... 
READ FULL ARTICLE

Wednesday, January 11, 2012

The Essex Market Court and former Essex Market Place


Photos of the Essex Market Court (entrance on Essex) from the turn of the century. You can see the old Essex Market Place (which ran crosstown between Essex and Ludlow Street) in the top left photo; the legendary Ludlow Street Jail can also be seen behind the court in that photo (its entrance was on Ludlow).

The Essex Market Court, erected in 1856, was eventually relocated to 2nd Ave and 2nd Street, now the site of the Anthology Film Archives.

The other two photos of people milling around in front of the court are from an October 8, 1905 New York Times article about plans to renovate/destroy the building: http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB091EF93D5A12738DDDA10894D8415B858CF1D3

Essex Market Court prisoners, scan from a 1900 magazine
Today the site houses Seward Park High School.

Tuesday, January 3, 2012

The Lower East Side immigrants who influenced Hollywood

Some of the most tangible and significant contributions that turn-of-the-century European immigrants provided the world were in the field of entertainment and the Lower East Side has spawned some of the most accomplished film producers, directors, actors and composers in the medium's century-long history.

In fact without the influence of these early immigrants and their offspring, the motion picture industry as we know it would be very different today.

Screen cap from Edison's
New York City Fish Market
Filmmakers have been attracted to the rich street scape of the East Side since the medium was introduced at the turn of 20th century. For example, some of the Edison Company’s earliest stereoscopic films included several shorts depicting life in the slums of the Lower East Side.

Though the neighborhood did not get its first movie house until about 1906, these films were shown at venues across the nation, which means that the target audiences for these films were not its subjects.

In what can be chalked up to the earliest examples of "reality tv," these two-to-three minute, one-camera shorts were essentially produced for middle and upper class audiences, who for the first time were able to catch a glimpse of "how the other half lives" in the new urban ghettos of America.

Edison's titles include Panoramic View of the Ghetto (1900), New York City Ghetto Fish Market (1903), Move on (1903), East Side Urchins Bathing in a Fountain (1903), and New York City Public Bath (1903).

Portrayals of immigrants were largely unfavorable, often inspiring curiosity and amusement in captive audiences. It wasn't until the 1920s that immigrants were depicted sympathetically on the big screen.

It was the sons and daughters of these very slums who, through the medium of film, helped change the public's perception of the immigrant experience – at the same time altering the direction of the entire entertainment industry.

George Burns and Gracie Allen
began on the vaudeville stage.
American Vaudeville, which was refined at Tony Pastor's Opera House on the Bowery in the 1870s, was a primary influence in development of early film and radio. By the time that the iconic "vaudeville hook" was introduced at Miner's Bowery Theater in 1902, immigrants had infused their brand of song, dance and comedy which made the format so successful on the big screen.

Another major influence on Hollywood was Yiddish Theatre, brought to America from Eastern Europe in 1884 and incubated in the tenement district of the Lower East Side. So much so that Second Avenue between Houston and 14th Streets became known as the Yiddish Rialto (Jewish Broadway) and was highly regarded as a cradle for fine dramatic theater in this city.

Many of America's earliest film and radio stars graduated from these vaudeville and immigrant theatre stages but more than that, the culture bred some of the film industry's original power brokers and innovators of the modern movie-going experience.

Adolph Zukor, founder of
Paramount Pictures
1920's Humoresque, the story of a Lower East Side boy from a poor Jewish family who becomes a successful violinist and brings fortune to the family, is often credited as being one of the first to promote a pro-immigrant sentiment. The film was produced by Hungarian-born, Lower East Side raised Adolph Zukor (1873-1976) and partially financed by William Randolph Hearst.

By 1903, Zukor, an upholstery shop apprentice-turned-successful furrier, took a gamble and invested in the first motion picture theater chain in America, headed by two brothers from Buffalo named Mitchel and Moe Mark. By 1912 Zukor launched his own film distribution company, which ever since a 1927 merger has been known as Paramount Pictures.

Marcus Loew, founder of
Loew's Theaters & MGM
The Mark brothers had another investor in their blooming theater business, Lower East Side born Marcus Loew (1870-1927) – a man who dropped out of school at an early age to help support his family – and went on to  establish Loews Theaters and co-found Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios.

Some of Loew's earliest associates and partners were fellow Lower East Siders and future industry moguls Joseph Schenck (1878-1961) and Nicholas Schenck, (1881-1961) who founded 20th Century Pictures – and William Fox (1879-1952) – who founded the Fox Film Corporation. In 1935 these studios merged and created 20th Century Fox.

It was men like Loew, Fox and the Schenck brothers who brought the motion picture industry to the masses by constructing dozens of theaters in working-class neighborhoods throughout the United States.

William Fox, co-founder of
20th Century Fox
With the influence of these early pioneers, a series of films were released in the 1920s focusing on life on the Lower East Side. It was an era where many first generation Americans began rebelling against their immigrant ancestry and the films almost always featured themes of generational friction, overcoming poverty, or struggling to find an identity in America.

By this time, the bulk of the movie industry had relocated to the cavernous studios of Hollywood and much of the street scape was reproduced on a sound stage. Regardless, success was overwhelming and working-class audiences flocked to theaters, treated to such East Side-themed films as The Miracle of Manhattan (1921), Hungry Hearts (1922), The New Teacher (1922), His People (1925), The Patent Leather Kid (1927), Danger Street (1928), The Madonna of Avenue A (1929), and The Younger Generation (1929).

Al Jolson
In 1927, the first full length talkie was introduced to the general public. The Jazz Singer, written by Samson Raphaelson (1894-1983) and starring Al Jolson (1886-1950), both Lower East Side raised, was the first film to hit theaters accompanied by synchronized dialogue.

The story of a local singer caught between dreams of stardom and his family's traditional Jewish values crossed over class boundaries and proved to be a commercial success.

By the 1930s several film productions went on to capitalize on the new-found popularity of the district, like 1931s Sidewalks of New York. Here Buster Keaton, in one of his earliest talkie film roles, plays a Lower East Side slumlord who falls in love with a poor tenement girl. While pursuing his love interest, Keaton gets caught up with a band of local street toughs and ends up mixing it up with a small time hood.

This portrayal of the rough and tumble East Side became a recurring theme in countless productions during cinema's most formative years, which coincided with a nation's waning support of a decade long ban on alcohol and a severe economic depression, giving rise to character that would become an icon of the big screen – the American Gangster.

Edward G. Robinson
Dozens of gangster movies were produced during the 1930s and the tenement districts of New York City bred three of the most famous tough-guy actors of the era, including George Raft, the Hell's Kitchen raised matinee powerhouse, and the Lower East Side's own James Cagney (1899-1986) and Edward G. Robinson (1893-1973).

Robinson's on-screen persona went on to define the Hollywood gangster – a character which was parodied for generations (do you remember this Bugs Bunny cartoon? Or the frog in the Courageous Cat and Minute Mouse cartoon?) Though he never completely shook the tough-guy image, Robinson's career spanned seven decades, earning him an honorary Oscar in 1973.

James Cagney
Academy Award winning actor James Cagney, whose breakout role as gangster Tom Powers in 1931's The Public Enemy led to a series of films which showcased his hard-nosed upbringing.

However, by the early 1940s, rebelling against the system was out and American patriotism was in. Cagney, an accomplished singer and dancer, broke gangster typecasting and was hired to play the lead in the 1942 blockbuster, Yankee Doodle Dandy, where his portrayal of Broadway impresario George M. Cohen earned him an Academy Award for best actor.

A series of popular comedic films released between the late 1930s and 1950s further exploited the Lower East Side's gritty reputation. Little Tough Guys, Dead End Kids, and The Bowery Boys followed the adventures of a group of bungling local street kids and inspired several knockoffs, including The Gas House Gang (1939, 1942) and The Harlem Tuff Kids (1946, 1947).

Stella Adler
No article about the history of motion pictures should fail to mention Stella Adler (1901-1992), one of the most accomplished acting teachers of all time. Born on the Lower East Side in 1901 to Yiddish Theater star Jacob Adler, Stella opened the Stella Adler Studio of Acting in 1949 and trained dozens of future movies stars such as Judy Garland, Marlon Brando, and Robert De Niro.

Perhaps the only person to give Stella Adler a run for her money was "father of method acting in America," Lee Strasberg (1901-1982), whose family immigrated to the Lower East Side from the Ukraine in 1909.

Lee Strasberg
Strasberg, an alumni of the former Chrystie Street Settlement House's drama club, trained the likes of James Dean, Dustin Hoffman, Marilyn Monroe and Al Pacino, and was director of the prestigious Actor's Studio from 1951 until his passing in 1982.

And what would the movie going experience be without a film score? Some of America's most respected composers and lyricists hail from the Lower East East Side.

Eight-time Academy Award nominated composer Irving Berlin (1888-1989), who penned such classics as "Putting on the Ritz," "White Christmas," and "There's No Business Like Show Business," started out as a singing waiter in the most raucous Bowery dives.

George Gershwin (1898-1937), who got his first piano while growing up on Second Avenue, is often remembered as a stage composer; However he provided the score to a handful of films before his untimely passing, including  the song "They Can't Take That Away from Me," which earned an Oscar nomination for the Best Song in 1937. Sharing that nomination was George's brother and writing partner, Ira Gershwin (1896-1983), who is considered one of the greatest songwriters of the 20th century.

Edgar Yipsel Harburg
Former P.S. 63 student Yip Harburg (1896-1981) has transported millions of people "Somewhere Over the Rainbow," as lyricist for one of the most successful and beloved motion pictures of all time, The Wizard of Oz.

Though not officially credited, Harburg played a larger role behind the scenes of the movie. He acted as script supervisor, helped with casting and wrote in several classic scenes.

Other pioneering Lower East Side to Hollywood transplants include Eddie Cantor, Jimmy Durante, George Burns, John Garfield and dozens more, such as Tony Curtis, Estelle Getty, Walter Matthau, Zero Mostel, and Jerry Stiller who all attended the same high school, Seward Park on Essex Street.

Without the contributions of these immigrants and their offspring, where would the entertainment industry be? What we covered here is just the tip of the iceberg. In the future we will to delve into the pioneers of television, radio, Broadway and the music industry who hailed from the Lower East Side.